Organizational change Essay

Authoritative change is all over the place, and its pace is expanding. Its targets or why it is significant is on the grounds that after specific long periods of presence and assessments there are regions and angles in the association that should be improved. Taking for instance its nature of work life, at one point it should be raised from where it was previously. It can happen that during recruiting time individuals are assigned to wrong positions. Hierarchical change will empower the organization to place the perfect individuals in the opportune spot, to improve them individuals as their proficiency and utility will be to the greatest. Along these lines the organization can change compensation scale based on the exhibition or yield of representatives. Similarly additionally as far as work force the board, it tends to be an event for reading increasingly explicit situations for conceivable advancement or for cutting down additional stuff. Rivalry is so close and for an organization to fulfill the needs of the market a hierarchical change is essential to have a higher caliber of profitability and to improve certain techniques as to be on top of the occasions. Innovation comes and after now and again new advancements are on the line once more, to stay in ones business convictions and practices the organization will be deserted. Authoritative change is significant as it looks to upgrade its convictions, values, mentalities, additionally its structures with the goal that the association can all the more likely adjust to serious activities, mechanical advances, and the past pace of different changes in the business world. Another need for hierarchical change is achieved by certain disappointments in the past in the preparation and direction of the representatives. The endeavor to carry them to work without having the option to allow them to convey or bolster the vision and inability to let the representatives see that they are the focal component of the association brings poor outcome. Hierarchical change hence is vital to permit interaction of structure, innovation and individuals working in it, to result to a higher caliber of work life, adaptivity, adequacy, better advertising procedures, and phenomenal profitability.

CHM 113 Flashcard

CHM 113

The Leopard an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

The Leopard by Expert Prof. Akademia | 27 Dec 2016 Presentation: Need article test on The Leopard point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Risorgimento or otherwise called the Revival or the Italian Unification, is the nineteenth century progressive development, which joined distinctive district of Italy into one promontory. This period is expected to have started with the appearance f Napoleon and the finish of Franco Prussian War in 1815. It was fundamentally a socio political development which figured todays Kingdom of Italy. This time length was loaded up with imaginative and truly types of patriotism which spread the soul of unification all through the landmass like fire, who advanced free, autonomous and a republic Italy, with Rome as its capital. The Leopard: The life of Sicily during the Risorgimento is carefully and distinctively clarified by the well known Italian writer, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, in his acclaimed novel, Il Gattopardo, first distributed in 1958, and was later meant English by the name the Leopard. In 1911 he likewise served in the military, being devoted and brave in the war of Caporetto, he was taken in as a prisoner in Hungary. Later after his break, he went out for voyaging, becoming familiar with outside writing, and it was in this period that he saw his first novel, the panther. It is accepted that after he wrapped up his novel in 1956, it was dismissed by the distributer; and it was a year later after his abrupt passing from lung malignant growth in 1958, that greatness of his work was remembered, it was not by any means distributed yet in addition won the Strega Prize. While some additionally accept that the underlying dismissal that the novel achieved, wasnt in light of poor scholarly issue however was expe cted had its political reasons wrapped with it. Understudies Frequently Tell EssayLab writers:I'm not in the state of mind to compose my assignmentSpecialists recommend:Online Essay Helper Best Website To Buy College Papers Essay Writer Service Writing Essay Company Another story about the creator views him as the last ruler of the Sicily state, or the Duke of Palma, and cases that he composed this novel on his rand father, another Prince of Lampedusa. The story further goes that it was after the royal residence at Lampedusa was besieged in the Second World War that Tomasi sank down in incredible misery, and it was in this deficient condition of powerlessness that he composed this unbelievable novel, which is still recognized as progressive. The first title, Il Gattopardo, truly implies as the feline, which resembled a legacy for the creators family, consequently holds incredible regard and respect for him. In the interpreted adaptation, be that as it may, it has been titled as the panther. The epic takes into account numerous recorded occasions which around then occurred in Italy, while the absolute most significant ones incorporated the intrusion of Garibaldi onto the Sicilian coast, the Unification of Italy and the changing framework from privileged to a progressively popularity based society therefore demonstrating emotional changes for the individuals. The greater part of the novel has been founded on when Italy was experiencing the Risorgimento time frame, when the voice of Guiseppe Garibaldi, for the unification of Italy was on the ascent. The story begins to open when his military grounds on the shore of Sicily, and is intending to oust the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Nonetheless, the optional plot spins around how the political circumstance of the nation impacts the common individuals of the nation, for example, the privileged Salina family, lead by Prince Fabrizio. Donadio Rachel, in his article, distributed on 31 July, 2008, the New York Times, titled as the Leopard Turns 50, while depicting the greatness of the book states, Sicily is the way to Italy, as Goethe once composed, and one novel is the way to Sicily: The Leopard, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusas artful culmination. (Donadio, 2008) He expresses that this novel is the absolute best delineation of the hours of privileged that this world has lost. Panthers hero, Prince Frabozi who is appeared as a rich aristrocrat of incredible information, position and economic wellbeing, a man kindhearted with cash and customed to living by conventions. The epic discovers grave disaster in his life, when his preferred nephew, Prince Tancredi, is adept on supporting the coming unrest, not through the negligible enthusiasm of grasping the change yet for his adoration for cash, status and position in the new creating society. Hence for cash and a fake life, tancredi weds at a lower place, only for cash; where Frabozi acknowledges how his government was at last being over managed by the midle class easing back coming to control. He additionally talks the core of the novel which depicts the whole book flawlessly saying that; If we need things to remain as they seem to be, things should change. (Ebert, 2003) The last demise of the sovereign by which he is left to provide food his unmarried girls, his parting property and all things considered the messed up government. This passing doesn't just speak to the tragic dismisal of Lampedusas yet in addition denotes the end towards the government of Sicily. This epic is a portrayal of the evolving society, of how Garibaldis transformation carried the whole domain to move its method for living and its customs as indicated by the new guideline. The withering of the pronce echoes pf how a whole period had in the long run reached a conclusion with the attack, bronging his insight and profound quality all to an end. The story discovers its scowl with Fabrizio understanding that even with his place in the general public he is defenseless and can't prevent the change from overwhelming the whole society. It likewise paints the wide open of Sicily in an extremely beautiful and clear way, which enables the perusers to envision the nation at the hour of Risorgimento. One of the well known expressions taken from the book which depicts the Sicilian fall and the ascent of new time is as per the following; This shouldn't last; however it will, consistently; the human 'consistently,' obviously, a century, two centuries... also, after that it will be diverse however more terrible. We were the Leopards, the Lions; those who'll have our spot will be little jackals, hyenas; and the entire parcel of us Leopards, jackals, and sheep, we'll all continue thinking ourselves the salt of the earth. (Lampedusa, 1958) The tale was later in 1963 delineated as a movie by executive Luchino Visconti, and the cast included Burt Lancaster, Claudia Cardinale and Alain Delon. It like the novel was set in the disposition of 1860, when Italy was currently unification, with the government reaching a conclusion. Be that as it may, both the film and the novel have been scrutinized for being excessively baffled by the Unification, and to be excessively doubter of its pessimistic impacts upon the lives of the individuals. It was accepted more as a progressively negative Marxist hypothesis who asserted it as coldblooded and the Catholics were skeptical of its view focuses. By and large it is taken as a target side of the story; anyway it covers the genuine parts of the history which existed in the lives of those enduring the upheaval. Lampedusa, regardless of had an imperial birth, brought into the world with a real silver spoon in his mouth, lamentably needed to confront the fall of his familys position; accordingly it clarifies his flight f outrage and discouragement seen all through the novel. He surely knew the political thought processes of pioneers as he had consumed his whole time on earth among them, and had the option to understand what might happen to them later on. End: Panther is a story which legitimately originates from the core of an individual who endured the loss of his realm; consequently it tells the story of a man who confronted unrest at pinnacle and perceived how his life may change denoting the historical backdrop of another upset. References Donadio, R. (2008, July 31). The Leopard Turns 50. The paper. The New York Times. Ebert, R. (2003, September 14). The Leopard (1963). Recovered from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/applications/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023&AID1=&AID2=%2F20030914%2FREVIEWS08%2F309140302%2F1023 Lampedusa, G. T, (1958). The Leopard. Current Edition: Pantheon. ISBN: 0679731210 Chapter 4

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Analysis Of John 10 s The Good Shepherd And Christ s...

Jesus’s stories and words bring both comfort and revelation to people around the world. The stories that are contained in the four Gospels are those that share Christ’s doctrine as well as the history of the Savior. However, to say that the Gospel stories and doctrine cannot be applied to the modern reader would be incorrect. One of these Gospels, John, contains a particularly important message for both the historical and modern reader. In John 10, a variety of integral stories and important doctrine is outlined. In John 10, both the story of the Good Shepherd and Christ’s interactions with the Jewish leaders give insight to the historical reference and meaning of the doctrine in a modern setting. John 10 is a very interesting and important block of scripture. It covers the idea of Christ as the Good Shepherd. He states in John 10:11, â€Å"I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep.† This presents one of the main ideas of John 10, which is that Christ is the leader of His sheep, which are His people. He declares that the good shepherd will die for his flock, which is exactly what Christ does. He also defends his statements from the Jewish leaders, as they want to stone him â€Å"for uttering such ‘blasphemy’†, according to Blair G. VanDyke. He uses both old scriptures and logic to defend his position, which brings interesting implications in a modern context. Both of these ideas and their importance can be viewed in differing perspectives from bothShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesworld. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the United States quite an amazing thing. Those who would presage the arrival of Rastafarianism also witnessed and read about the dramatic struggle of Emperor Haile Selassie to remove the Italians from his homeland of Ethiopia, which

Comparing Herodotus s The Sea And Essay - 2122 Words

Herodotus is accused by Edward Said to be progenitor of Orientalism. Regardless of this indictment, Said fails to observe the fundamental nature of Herodotus s division of the world. Accordingly, he describes the world in the binary of East and West. I contend that this ideal is unfounded in Herodotus s text, and instead, the known world of Herodotus was quartered. Hence, by edification of â€Å"Greekness† and it following anomalies Furthermore, these delusions are refuted by the agreement texts of Redfield’s Herodotus the tourist† and Munson’s Herodotus and ethnicity. I Before on embarking on Said misconceptions anent Herodotus, he avails himself of Euripides The Bacchae and Aeschylus s The Persians, which he argues in â€Å"The two aspects of the Orient that set it off from the West in this pair of plays† which are the catalysts of Orientalism, and accordingly, neither are Herodotean texts. Nonetheless, I will refute the occasions he to greater degree implicitly examines Herodotus. II In anticipation of the task in reviewing Said’s misconception anent Herodotus, a close elucidation of the quintessential nature of Redfield s and Munsons’s works pertaining to the matter of who in were and who were not Greek, alongside anomalies who percolated this permeable division. Redfield establishes the identity of the Greeks and that of non-Greeks, specifically, by their culture, denoted by three ethnological terms: â€Å"diaita, ethea, and nomoi† (98, Redfield). In their layeringShow MoreRelatedThe Battles Between The Persian Empire And Ancient Greece1360 Words   |  6 PagesThermopylae and Herodotus Wenxin Zheng Exchange student, Nanjing University, China Battle of Thermopylae, which occurred ten years after the Battle of Marathon in the first Bohemia War, is another famous historical clash between the Persian Empire and ancient Greece. In Thermopylae, Spartans resisted for days, blocked the powerful Persian army from conquering Greek. In BC 490, the Persian army crossed the Aegean Sea and landed on the Marathon plain in the first Bohemian war, encroaching the AthensRead MoreThe War From The Realm Of Myth And Poetry1267 Words   |  6 PagesTrojan War would inevitably have taken place, with or without Helen. He goes on to continue that the presumptive kidnapping of Helen can be seen merely an excuse to launch a pre-ordained war for control of land, trade, profit, and access to the Black Sea. All these accounts could be true but Eric Cline believes that the events happened and took place, he believes that the Trojan War is true. â€Å"The male heroes of epic poetry, Helen of Troy has been immortalized, but not for deeds of strength and honor;Read Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesin Sicily, he was made one of the â€Å"Probouloi† (special commissioners), mainly due to his widespread fame. From reliable contemporary accounts one learns that Sophocles was a handsome, wealthy man of great charm. He had friends like Pericles and Herodotus, the great Greek historian. The Victorian critic, Matthew Arnold, praised Sophocles as a man â€Å"who saw life steadily and saw it whole.† The ancient biographer, Phyrnicus, says that Sophocles’ life was happy and that he retained all his faculties to

Program Design for Create Future Project-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Support adventure and recreation for young people during their transition to independence from state care. Answer: Introduction The youth unemployment in the small towns and cities has been a great discomfort for the governments of various nations. Australia also faces the same predicament and various organizations in the country are looking to implement various type of programs for the development of the unemployed and the under privileged (Harvey et al., 2015). This report provides the details about one of such initiatives adopted by the CREATE organization. This report deals with the program design and the evaluation plan for the CREATE Your Future project. The scenario selected for the evaluation process is the Support, adventure and recreation for young people during their transition from the out-of home care system to the independence from the state. At the present situation the young people are transitioning are facing a great deal of problems. The rate of homelessness, substance use, unemployment and the mental illness among the young people have increased at a considerable rate (Arnau-sabates Giliga n, 2015). Hence, for the resolution of the situation the CREATE have developed a program designed for these under privileged kids that would help them to learn various type of practical, theoretical and interpersonal skills that would enhance them both as an professional and also as a human being. The program is named as CREATE Your Future. The program is a multi-systematic program that is used for the utilization of the solution and the strengths focused approach both for the individuals and the group interventions. The report provides the details about the program and also performs an evaluation of the designed program. The report contains the problem analysis, needs assessment, program strategy, program design and the program evaluations. Additionally, the budget assessments and the analysis of the audiences for the program are also provided in the report. Problem Analysis This report has been used to perform the problem analysis for the program. This can be used for the exploration of the various types of difficulties faced by the people that would be leaving the out-of home care system in Australia. The Kettner model has been used for the problem analysis of the provided situation (Kettner, Moroney Martin, 2017). According to the reports, around 39,000 children were present in the out-of home care system in the country. They were either living in the foster care or the kingship care arrangements in and around the country (McDowall, 2013). According to the court orders of the Victorian custody and the Guardianship court orders the children that aged around 16 to 18 years were in transition from the out-of-home care services of the country. Hence, each year around 400 children makes transition from this system. Hence, as a result the numbers of children in the city living without any support are increasing with the increase of time. In addition to thi s, various type of problems have been experienced by the children during this transition such as: Abuse before entering the care facilities Bad experiences in the care Lack of support to provided to them after they completed their transition from the care They face various types of issues such as homelessness, substance use, unemployment and the mental illness. According to certain reports 45% of the people were in justice systems, 35% were homeless and 28% were unemployed. In addition to this, there was adverse effect on the children after leaving the care (Ross, 2014). The children face various types of problems because the process of transition is accelerated at the care they are released at a very young age. In addition to this they are also not provided with any type of preparation and adequate support after leaving the care. Needs Assessment The needs assessment has been performed in the report to identify the gaps in the service delivery that are related to the children that are leaving the care and these gaps are to be filled up efficiently by the implemented system. Hence, the system is required to enhance the quality of living of the children (Dennt Churchill, 2016). They are required to implement efficient programs for the children so that they can be able to make a stand for themselves in the society. For the assessment of the requirement of the presented situation and interview of the children was conducted. In the interview the children who were out of the care system were asked various types of questions. The basic requirements that were assessed from this situation are: The existing care providing organizations have very limited amount of resources available to them and hence, this leaves the care providers are provided with very less options to work for the betterment of the youth that leaves the care (Fitzpatrick, Claire Coyne, 2016). Hence, the young people should be provided with more opportunities so that they can make a stand for themselves in the society. The surveys also show that the people at the care working with the young people lack the efficiency in communicating with them efficiently and also the systems and the policies at the care are not correctly implemented such as the age at which a child leaves the care and the support criteria for the young people (Morrison Shepherd, 2015). They also do not have the scope to support the young people after the leaving the care. They are also unable the engage the young people in programs that would be enhancing their careers. Hence, there is need of proper support program for the young people after they leave the care. The surveys also revealed that the people were not sure about the career path they want to choose and also they were not indulged in the programs that were related to the hobbies of the young people at the care. Program theory of change The CREATE Your Future initiative by the organization have designed various type of programs that would enhance the knowledge of the young people and also they developed a website for the people that would be able to keep in touch with organization form the different locations (Royse, Thyre Padgett, 2015). The organization helps the under privileged by providing them with the access to the website. There are various types of features provided by the organization to the children and the young people who are leaving the care. They provide health and nutrition activities for the people. They make them conscious about their health and try and change their health habits and provide them with the option of free checkups in case they are ill or injured. The website provides the young people with the options to learn new things and also earn money by performing different type of jobs by which they can earn a considerable amount of money and gain experience. They would be professionally able after engaging to these programs. The organization realizes that there is a need to support the young people who are comes directly out of the care both financially and socially (Urban, Hargreaves Trochim, 2014). There is need to provide the people with different type of facilities such as work, health and education. They would need to acquire some efficient skill so that they can survive independently in the world. The organization thinks that the work and education are main pillars on which the future for the people leaving the care would depend. They also think that the people require an efficient level of counseling for each and every sector of their life. Hypothesis The people who are out of the care directly are often vulnerable to various types of wrong deeds and hence they should be show the proper path and should be guided in the right tracks so that they can establish the aim of their life and work towards making the aim a success in their life (Kurata, Suzuki Nishimura, 2015). Goal Statement The main goal of the program is to provide the young people with the information and guidance about different aspects of life make them stable enough so that they can live independently on their own in the society (Ogbeiwi, 2017). Evidence Base The program and the website are very efficiently designed for the betterment of people leaving the care (Laska, Gurman Wampold, 2014).The website is created for the children who would not be able to reach the organization directly and hence, would be able to reach them via the website. But for the unprivileged in the small cities it might not always be possible to reach the website and this would be a downside of this program. Program Design The program design consists of a set of processes that the participants in the programs have to go through and also they consists of a website that is designed for the care leavers and the people that cannot reach the organization directly (Schoenfield, 2013). The program Logic model provides more information about the design of the project. Goals Objectives The main goal of the project is to reach out to the youths and the unemployed and work for their benefit. The main objectives for the project are: To provide the youth the employment opportunities To provide them guidance in their career To make the care leavers job ready Target Population The target population for the project is the youth that are to be released from the state care. This is design especially for the pupils who are in the transition from the care to being independent in the society. This is almost around 36,000 approximately. Program outline The CREATE Foundation have different type of programs organized for the underprivileged and the unemployed part of the population. They host a number of programs such as the Grant schemes, seminars and also various types of workshops for the young people. The report provides the information about the website of the foundation that is used for their CREATE Your Future program. The website would allow the youths who are out of the care homes of the states to register themselves to the website and also would be able to access the different features of the website free of cost (Chomsky, 2014). They would be able to attend various type of seminars, webinars, and also in various type of workshops that would be organized by the CREATE Foundation. In addition to this, they would also be able to enroll themselves in different type online courses for free and also they would be able to apply for online counseling free of cost where they would be provided with various type of advices and help t hem to interact with the experts and the psychologists. The website also has freelancing option for the people. They would be able to enroll themselves and do various types of freelancing jobs and earn money from it. This would help to enhance the financial status of the youths in the country and also the foundation would be able to generate some revenue from it, which would be later utilized for the benefit of the youths and the society. In addition to this, the foundation also donates a large sum of money for the welfare of the society. They do this from the revenue generated for them. Program partners The create foundation has been created collaboratively and is an organization which work for the benefit of the youths and the society and works towards the greater cause in the society. Budget Cost Management The CREATE foundation has organized have organized the CREATE Your Future project. But before the implementation of the project the economic analysis for the project should be done. This is the check whether the program is economically feasible or not and this is used to check if the project would be sustainable enough to be carried out. Total Budget for the program The total budget for the program is to be finalized before the project is to be implemented. The estimated total budget for the program is $390,000. The detail of the budget is provided in the table below. Budget for CREATE Your Future Expenses Salaries Description Quantity Cost Total Social Workers 70% of Time on Project 10 6,000 $60,000 Counselors Counselor fee (hourly or flat) 5 500 $2,500 Guest speakers Honoraria rate 5 1000 $5,000 Sub - total Salaries $67,500 Website Description Quantity Cost Total Cost of implementation 1 90,000 $90,000 Software cost 1 50,000 $50,000 Hardware Cost 1 60,000 $60,000 Other 1 40,000 $40,000 Sub-total Travel $240,000 Events Description Quantity Cost Total Seminars 7 2,000 $14,000 Webinars 5 1,500 $7,500 Workshops 7 2,000 $14,000 Awards 5 500 $2,500 Sub-total Events $38,000 Training Description Quantity Cost Total Online Course 500 10 $5,000 Non-technical training 2000 20 $40,000 Sub-total Training $45,000 Intermediate Total $390,500 Indirect Costs Quantity Cost Total Indirect 15% of total expenses $390,500 0.15 $58,575 Total Expenses $449,075 Income Program Income Description Quantity Cost Total Advertisement Income from Advertisement 10 500 $5,000 Sales 40 1,000 $40,000 In-kind contributions government funds 3 10,000 $30,000 Grants/Sponsorships/RFP's CREATE 1 30,000 $30,000 Other revenue from partnership 1 20,000 $20,000 Total Income $125,000 Cost benefit Analysis for the program The cost benefit analysis for the program involves the calculations of the NPV analysis and the ROI analysis for the program (Torriti Ikpe, 2014). The NPV and the ROI are positive from the analysis and this denotes that the project is both economically stable and also would be sustainable over a longer period of time. CREATE Foundation CRETE Your Future Year of Project Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Net economic benefit $0.00 $125,000.00 $125,000.00 $125,000.00 $125,000.00 $125,000.00 Discount rate @ 5% 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 PV of benefits 0 $118,750.00 $112,500.00 $106,250.00 $100,000.00 $93,750.00 NPV of All Benefits $0.00 $118,750.00 $231,250.00 $337,500.00 $437,500.00 $531,250.00 $531,250.00 One Time Costs $350,000.00 Recurring Costs $0.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 $40,000.00 Discount rate @ 5% 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 PV of Recurring Costs $0.00 $38,000.00 $36,000.00 $34,000.00 $32,000.00 $30,000.00 NPV of all Benefits $150,000.00 $188,000.00 $224,000.00 $258,000.00 $290,000.00 $320,000.00 $320,000.00 Overall NPV $211,250.00 Overall ROI 0.66015625 Break Even Analysis Yearly NPV cash flow $350,000.00 $80,750.00 $76,500.00 $72,250.00 $68,000.00 $63,750.00 Overall NPV cash flow $350,000.00 $269,250.00 $192,750.00 $120,500.00 $52,500.00 -$11,250.00 Program Monitoring Evaluation Plan Type of evaluation The program evaluations are generally based on the financial and the social terms. The evaluation of the program would indicate whether the program is sustainable or not. Indicators The main the indicators for the program to be economically feasible are the NPV analysis and the ROI analysis. The NPV and the ROI are positive from the analysis and this denotes that the project is both economically stable and also would be sustainable over a longer period of time. In addition to this, the program is designed for the underprivileged and the unemployed; hence the program works for the greater good of the people. Therefore the program is also socially feasible. Audience The main audience for the program are the CREATE Foundation, the Australian Government, the care leavers and the unemployed sector of the population in the country. Bibliography Arnau-Sabats, L., Gilligan, R. (2015). What helps young care leavers to enter the world of work? Possible lessons learned from an exploratory study in Ireland and Catalonia.Children and youth services review,53, 185-191. Chomsky, N. (2014).The minimalist program. MIT press. Denny, L., Churchill, B. (2016). Youth employment in Australia: A comparative analysis of labour force participation by age group.Journal of Applied Youth Studies,1(2), 5. Fitzpatrick, C., Williams, P., Coyne, D. (2016). Supporting looked after children and care leavers in the criminal justice system: emergent themes and strategies for change.Prison Service Journal, (226), 8-13. Harvey, A., McNamara, P., Andrewartha, L., Luckman, M. (2015). Out of care, into university: Raising higher education access and achievement of care leavers.Melbourne: LaTrobe University. Kettner, P. M., Moroney, R. M., Martin, L. L. (2017).Designing and managing programs: An effectiveness-based approach. Sage Publications. Kurata, G., Suzuki, M., Nishimura, M. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,165,553. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., Wampold, B. E. (2014). Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: a common factors perspective.Psychotherapy,51(4), 467. McDowall, J. J. (2013). Experiencing out-of-home care in Australia.The views of children and young people (CREATE Report Card 2013). Sydney: CREATE Foundation. Morrison, R., Shepherd, M. (2015). Exploring factors contributing to the outcomes of Looked After Children.Communicare,1(2). Ogbeiwi, O. (2017). Are your written objectives' really'smart? A descriptive review of the goal framework of objective statements. Ross, A. J. (2014). Working in rural areas-the experiences of Umthombo Youth Development Foundation graduates.African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine,6(1), 1-7. Royse, D., Thyer, B. A., Padgett, D. K. (2015).Program evaluation: An introduction to an evidence-based approach. Cengage Learning. Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013). Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design.The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research,27(6), 1720-1730. Torriti, J., Ikpe, E. (2014). CostBenefit Analysis. InEncyclopedia of Law and Economics(pp. 1-8). Springer New York.

Trade Unions Essays - Labour Relations, Labor, Trade Union

Trade Unions "A trade union is an independant self-regulating organization of workers created to protect and advance the interests of its members through collective action." Over recent years, it has become fashionable in many quarters to write off Britain's trade unions, to label them as obsolete institutions out of touch with new realities and incapable of change. In today's world of individual employment contracts, performance-related pay schemes, Human Resource and Total Quality Management and all the other ingredients of the so-called ?new' workplace, trade unions are often regarded as anachronistic obstacles preventing success of the market economy. As collective voluntary organizations that represent employees in the workplace, it is argued, trade unions no longer serve a useful purpose. The main priority of this essay is to represent the arguments for and against the relevance of trade unions in todays working society. Furthermore, I shall comment on the future of the trade union movement, based upon the facts and findings that helped construct this text. Trade unions exist because an individual worker has very little power to influence decisions that are made about his or her job. The greatest advantage in joining a trade union is because, by doing so, individuals possess more chance of having a voice and influence in their place of work. By joining forces with other workers, an individual's opinions and beliefs regarding their job will also be voiced by other union members, thus creating a stronger stance against management, if needed. Therefore, the main purpose of a trade union is to protect and improve people's pay and conditions of employment. This objective is usually achieved through negotiation and representation. Negotiation is where union representatives discuss with management, issues which affect people working in an organization. The union finds out the members' views and relays these views to management. Pay, working hours, holidays and changes to working practices are the sort of issues that are negotiated. However, not all views will be taken on board by management; there may be a difference of opinion between them and union members. Negotiation, therefore, is about finding a solution to these differences. This process is also known as collective bargaining. "In many workplaces there is a formal agreement between the union and the company, which states that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer. In these organizations, unions are said to be recognised for collective bargaining purposes." People who work in organizations where unions are recognised are better paid, and are less likely to be made redundant than people who work in organizations where unions are not recognised. Most collective bargaining takes place quietly and agreements are quickly reached by the union and the employer. Occasionally disagreements do occur, and in these cases the union may decide to take industrial action. "If the problem cannot be resolved amicably, the matter may go to an industrial tribunal." The purpose of industrial tribunals is to make sure that employees and employers conform to employment laws. They are made up of people outside the workplace who make a judgement about the case, based on the employee's and employer's point of view. Cases that go to industrial tribunals are usually about pay, unfair dismissal, redundancy or discrimination at work. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) is often used to help find a solution to a dispute, which is acceptable to both sides. "Its duty under the Employment Protection Act is to promote the improvement of industrial relations and in particular to encourage the extension of collective bargaining. Also to develop (and where necessary to reform) collective bargaining machinery. Its main functions are: advisory work, collective conciliation, individual conciliation, arbitration, and extended investigation into industrial relations problems." Individuals can be represented by trade unions when they encounter problems at work. If an employee feels that they are being unfairly treated, he or she can ask the union representative to help sort out the difficulty with the manager or employer. Apart from negotiation and representation, many other benefits can be gained by joining a trade union. One of these benefits is the fact that unions can offer their members legal representation. Usually this is to help people to get financial compensation for work-related injuries, or to assist people in taking their employer to court. Members can also take full advantage of the wealth of information which can be obtained from unions, of which can prove invaluable. The kind of information available covers a range of issues i.e. the length of holiday that an employee is entitled to each year, the amount of pay an employee would be

One nation under law

One nation under law Cherokee Indian case revealed the weaknesses of the American Supreme Court as the provisions were not in line with the American constitution. In 1832, the US Supreme Court exercised it powers in enforcing rights of the Native Americans against the state.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on One nation under law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Supreme Court had ruled before that it lacked the mandate in ruling over the Indian nation. Initially, the court rejected claims that the native tribes had self-governance and considered independent. It was a struggle of legal and political status of the native tribes in America. The weaknesses of the American court system became realized when it rejected the Cherokee claims that they were independent just like other sovereign federal states around. The Supreme Court rejected this claim in the first case and latter developed a different theory in the second case (The Supreme Court, n. d). The Supreme Court did not speak and stand for the national values and the inspirations of the people as spelt by the constitution. It worked in favor of one side hence showed the weakness it has. John marshal avoided the same case earlier in his career when he gave his opinion on the relationship between the United States and Indian nations. According to him, the federal states in America inherited the rights from its colonial master who was Britain and became independent with those rights. He believed that US should give same rights to the Indian nations with exclusion of the European political powers. He argued his case that the Indian nations should have all other rights but not to posses land and have political dominion over their laws. John marshal avoided the case by acknowledging exercising conquest, which may lead to dominion of political power. However, his take was that the case should not be for the state but in the federal government. The court rule d in favor of Cherokee that it was a community on its own and could govern itself without involving Georgia.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It gave Cherokee autonomy of governing itself as an independent community to implement its governance structure. The doctrine of the court was that only the state has the mandate of reviewing land issues related to Indian nation unlike in the case of Georgia. The weakness in the court system realized during this period was when Georgia refused to enforce and comply with the court as it had independent with powers. The relocation of the Cherokees was absolute misuse of powers and court had jurisdiction. Different states exercise their powers and have the guaranteed independence that gives them freedom to do all they can within their mandate. The courts ruling giving sovereignty to a tribal group of indigenous communit y within a state is a weakness of the state. The constitution guarantees rights to individuals and they are limited to certain degree. Many states as well as individuals like to exercise power on their own capacity but it has to have its limitations in line with the constitution. America is one nation under law hence the subdivision divides the country which might not be important at long run. As the supreme gave sovereignty to the Indian nation and gave the state the powers to negotiate on the Indian lands, it was trying to protect the interest of a small group at the expense of the federal state, as Georgia had to comply and wait for the new governor to effect the court decisions. Reference The Supreme Court. (n. d). One Nation under Law. Retrieved from: https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/about/pop_transcript1.html

Strategic Business Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Business Plan - Case Study Example Having started in the year 1988, this company started out as a small unit with four tailors and has now gone ahead to become one of the most prestigious names in interior decoration in the state of Orissa. This company employs people locally and can thus capture the local market in a better way through increased motivation within the work space through which employees will come up with better suggestions. Before laying down the formal plan of action, it is necessary to understand the elements that will be involved in the strategy that has been developed later in the paper, from the perspective of the company. This will help us understand the exact application of the theories through the length and breadth of the paper. A major part of Dipti's plan of action must include following a strategy based on gaining competitive advantage as well as achieving sustainable entrepreneurial growth. Let us first examine competitive advantage to see how and where it will fit in with the overall growth and expansion of the Anukul group. We are concerned with the fact that Porter's essentially ahistorical approach cannot provide a full account of either a nation's competitive advantage and corporate strategies or the growth and development of industrial clusters. For this, let us first understand competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is the response o... Opportunities: This company employs people locally and can thus capture the local market in a better way through increased motivation within the work space through which employees will come up with better suggestions. Threats: The company follows a very informal structure within its work culture which might pose a threat in the entrepreneurial control structure. It does not follow a formal structure of performance management. Competitive Advantage and Sustainable Entrepreneurial Growth: Internal and Technological Environment Before laying down the formal plan of action, it is necessary to understand the elements that will be involved in the strategy that has been developed later in the paper, from the perspective of the company. This will help us understand the exact application of the theories through the length and breadth of the paper. A major part of Dipti's plan of action must include following a strategy based on gaining competitive advantage as well as achieving sustainable entrepreneurial growth. Let us first examine competitive advantage to see how and where it will fit in with the overall growth and expansion of the Anukul group. Source: Alan Chapman 2005 We are concerned with the fact that Porter's essentially ahistorical approach cannot provide a full account of either a nation's competitive advantage and corporate strategies or the growth and development of industrial clusters. For this, let us first understand competitive advantage. This has special relevance for the Anukul Group, owing to the following reasons: The company needs to launch a full fledged expansion policy. It needs to zero in on resources which can be procured on easy and regular terms. The company needs to study

Contrast education (History of Education) Research Paper

Contrast education (History of Education) - Research Paper Example Massachusetts was the first state which implemented compulsory attendance laws in the educational sector. In 2004 their public expenditure for students per head was fifth in the country. They secured highest grade in the National Assessment of students as a mark of their progressive attitude towards education. As far as Middle East colonies in United States are concerned the education was the responsibility of church as well as the family to which the students belong. During that time the aim of education was to bring up children as god fearing individuals. The implementations of all educational schemes were focusing towards the religious matters. Education was only a tool to uplift the religion and its wild customs. It was from these educational institutions that the lifestyle of the people of Middle East states were got molded. As time passed the religion developed least interest on education and the system of public schooling has completely vanished from American colonies. Nowadays the government has proper control over all educational institutions in the states. Thus the history of education in old Massachusetts and Middle and Southern states have got some remarkable differences.

The present selection Essay Example for Free

The present selection Essay Juries in England often described as the the jewel in the Crown, with 12 different faces on the jury that is its strength, of course there are automatic exemptions: for criminals and bankrupts and more importantly for professionals like lawyers, judges, prison officers and police. Others, like doctors, can seek exemptions. Its tighter in some States than others, but after all the exclusions, exemptions and excuses and lets not forgets the defence is entitled to challenge if they dont like the jury. Juries Act 1974 is the act governing the juries system in UK. Juries system been form in UK for insure the public justice system will be fairly deliver and up hold the justice, yet the present selection, exclusion, exemption and challenges procedures become a great question that did such method did representive of the public conscience. 1 The method of selection of juries subject to this section and section 5, every person enrolled as an elector for the Legislative Assembly shall be qualified and liable to serve as a juror, Therefore those age reach 18 up to 70 were eligible to become juror. This means this category of people details must listed in the Electoral Register records otherwise they wont be listed under the jurors selection list. Ten percent of England qualify votes, never register them self as the votes. The second issue is this category of people wills randomly choused. Thru random selection not all citizen will be selected as the juror even if they are entitle to become a juror. 2One important fact of random selection is its doesnt mean representative selection but its just cross-section of population. This shows that the current juror selection still need to be improve to an advances or alternate method such as using the records of National Registration of Birth and Death in order every qualify citizen not been left behind in the selection. After the selection processes done, all the selected juror will be summon for the final selection, at this stage numbers of them will be exempted from juror services, for having good reason. Those such as pregnant womens, ill-health person, those age 65 above, person facing deep hardship, medical officers, member of Parliaments, legal professionals or those with legal back ground on the past or current services. Those did serve, as juries in past two years also will be exempted from such services. The society still believed that in order to have better verdict thru jurys services, those been exempted due to their nature of duties should consider their participation in juries services, the possibility to such category of people might be better jurors because of having more experiences of life or working with people. Equal opportunity to participate in the fair administration of justice is fundamental to our democratic system. It not only furthers the goals of the jury system. It reaffirms the promise of equality under the law that all citizens, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender, have the chance to take part directly in our democracy. 4 Powers v. Ohio, its shows and believed that no body should exclude base on solely because of race or gender, this promise of equality dims, and the integrity of our judicial system is jeopardized. The law makers need look in this factors for 5 commands the public confidences in order the juries system continuously will representative of the public conscience . 6In New York and many other State of USA source records for jury services been expended, all or most of exemptions from jury trail been sweep away, and excusal become largely deferred. This result is that nearly every one does jury service as an acknowledged civil duty, including, judges, lawyers, policeman. Doctors and clergymen. About a quarter of million people are summoned for the jury service every year. 7A recent Home Offices research project highlighted that only third of them an available to do so. It shows that, in sample of 50,000 people summoned for jury service in June and July 1999, one third of them available to do so, half of them been allowed to defer their service on later date. Of the remaining two-third, 13% were ineligible, disqualify or excused as of the rights. 15 % either failed to attend on the day or their summoned will returned as undelivered and 38% were excused. The Court also had the power to remove selected jurors if its consider on the account of disability or insufficient understanding of English. 9The Crown Court study undertaken during 1992 on behalf of Runciman Royal Commission, indicated that, nationality, ethnic minority communities seriously un present in juries service. This is due to this group of ethnic not registered in the electors The right of the jury Challenges is very limited in England and Wales compared with in any other country . 10. There is no longer right to Peremptory Challenge. It was abolished in 1988. Juries Act, 1927 s. 57 says the plaintiff or, where there are two or more plaintiffs, the plaintiffs jointly may challenge without cause shown three jurors and no more where there are two or more plaintiffs, they shall join in their challenges. Such 11 Privileges specially in sexual abuse case, not likely allow the female juror as the first choice, the defendant use to challenges the female juror The society believe the womens privileges to become potential juror in such cases become a barrier thru such challenges. Although there are a number of legitimate concerns with the current jury selection process in UK and while a number of options are open for reforming the process, the report concludes that a piecemeal approach to reform is not likely to successfully address the need to improve the system for racial, visible, ethno-cultural and other minorities The need is not only to address some or all of the out-of-court processes, but at the same time to reform the in-court procedures in the selection, exclusion, exemption and the challenges procedures of juries. It would appear to be necessary to undertake reform in order juries always representative of the society.

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers fc

Compare ‘Gallipoli’ and ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ in terms of the:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boys’ attitude to war  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reasons for enlistment  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experiences on the front How do these change their attitude to war? What does this tell you about the similarities and differences the Australian’s and German’s experiences? Analysis of Major Characters Paul Bà ¤umer As the novel’s narrator and protagonist, Paul is the central figure in All Quiet on the Western Front and serves as the mouthpiece for Remarque’s meditations about war. Throughout the novel, Paul’s inner personality is contrasted with the way the war forces him to act and feel. His memories of the time before the war show that he was once a very different man from the despairing soldier who now narrates the novel. Paul is a compassionate and sensitive young man; before the war, he loved his family and wrote poetry. Because of the horror of the war and the anxiety it induces, Paul, like other soldiers, learns to disconnect his mind from his feelings, keeping his emotions at bay in order to preserve his sanity and survive. As a result, the compassionate young man becomes unable to mourn his dead comrades, unable to feel at home among his family, unable to express his feelings about the war or even talk about his experiences, unable to remember the past fully, and unable to conceive of a future without war. He also becomes a â€Å"human animal,† capable of relying on animal instinct to kill and survive in battle. But because Paul is extremely sensitive, he is somewhat less able than many of the other soldiers to detach himself completely from his feelings, and there are several moments in the book (Kemmerich’s death, Kat’s death, the time that he spends with his ill mother) when he feels himself pulled down by emotion. These surging feelings indicate the extent to which war has programmed Paul to cut himself off from feeling, as when he says, with devastating understatement, â€Å"Parting from my friend Albert Kropp was very hard. But a man gets used to that sort of thing in the ar my.† Paul’s experience is intended to represent the experience of a whole generation of men, the so-called lost generation—men who went straight from childhood to fighting in World War I, often as adolescents. Paul frequently considers the past and the future from the perspective of his entire generation, noting that, when the war ends, he and his friends will not know what to do, as they have learned to be adults only while fighting the war.

Explain How the ‘Ansoff Matrix’ Can Be Applied to Help Develop Strategic Marketing Options for an Enterprise.

Explain how the ‘Ansoff matrix’ can be applied to help develop strategic marketing options for an enterprise. What  other analytical tools and techniques can be employed to develop alternative marketing strategies? Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. The Ansoff Matrix 3. Market Penetration 4. Product Development 5. Market Development 6. Diversification 7. Limitations of the Ansoff matrix 8. Other analytical tools and techniques 9. Conclusion 10. References Introduction From my working experience I have discovered, an organisation that knows its shortcomings, and can make relatively strategic decisions to meet the right objectives, will achieve its desire to become successful and remain relevant. Successful organisations in Nigeria always attribute their success to unique strategies which they employed efficiently. Strategies are developed at different levels within an organisation, it therefore follows that objectives (what it wants to achieve) are also set at the different levels. The setting of these objectives will usually produce a discrepancy between what is currently being achieved and what needs to be achieved. Marketing strategies are the explanation of how this gap is going to be closed and the objectives realized. Ansoff matrix is a useful framework for looking at possible strategies to reduce the gap between where the company may be without a change in strategy and where the company aspires to be (Proctor, 1997). The Ansoff matrix which is the focus of this work is one of the models alongside others like the Porter matrix, BCG, SWOT, PESTEL, DPM matrix and Gap analysis etc used by marketers to set objectives which assist strategic decision making. The Ansoff matrix is also used in marketing audits (Li et al, 1999). I will attempt to explain within the limitation of word content, how the Ansoff can be applied to help develop strategic marketing options for an enterprise. Some of these other analytical tools and techniques will also be discussed in the second section this work. The Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff matrix presents the product and market choices available to an organisation. Herein markets may be defined as customers, and products as items sold to customers (Lynch, 2003). This matrix helps companies decide what course of action should be taken given current performance. The Ansoff matrix is also used in marketing audits (Li et al, 1999). The Ansoff matrix entails four possible product/market combinations: Market penetration, product development, market development and diversification (Ansoff 1957, 1989). Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix [pic] Source: Ansoff (1957, 1989) A market penetration strategy is used when and organization wants to achieve and increased share in the market. A market development strategy in contrast involves the organization searching for new markets in which to sell its current product. A product development strategy involves identifying new needs within the existing market and developing products to meet these needs while the diversification strategy involves the organisation entering new markets with new products. I will now elaborate on these four strategies to show how they help develop strategic marketing options for an enterprise. Market Penetration Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market with its current products. It is important to note that the market penetrations strategy begins with the existing customers of the organization. This strategy is used by companies in order to increase sales without drifting from the original product-market strategy (Ansoff, 1957). Companies often penetrate markets in one of these three ways: by gaining competitors customers, improving the product quality or level of service, attracting non-users of the products or convincing current customers to use more of the company’s product, with the use of marketing communication tools like advertising etc. Ansoff, 1989, Lynch, 2003). This strategy is important for businesses because retaining existing customers is cheaper than attracting new ones, which is why companies like BMW and Toyota (Lynch, 2003) and banks like HSBC engage in relationship marketing activities to retain their high lifetime value customers; same applies to Diamond bank in Nigeria which won the award for Bank of the Year in Thisday Awards 200 9 (Thisday Style magazine). Diamond bank is one of the market challengers in Nigeria’s banking industry and has consistently increased its market share by penetrating the market with targeted special promotions, very low interest rates on loans, and maintaining a highly receptive and comfortable atmosphere in its banking halls. Product Development Product development occurs when a company develops new products catering to the same market. Note that product development refers to significant new product developments and not minor changes in an existing product of the firm. The reasons that justify the use of this strategy include one or more of the following: to utilise of excess production capacity, counter competitive entry, maintain the company’s reputation as a product innovator, exploit new technology, and to protect overall market share (Lynch, 2003). Often one such strategy moves the company into markets and towards customers that are currently not being catered for. For example, McDonalds is always within the fast-food industry, but frequently markets new burgers. Another good example of the product development strategy is the constant innovation within the home computer market where products can become obsolete within a matter of years. Frequently, when a firm creates new products, it can gain new customers for these products. Hence, new product development can be a crucial business development strategy for firms to stay competitive. Market Development When a company follows the market development strategy, it moves beyond its immediate customer base towards attracting new customers for its existing products. This strategy often involves the sale of existing products in new international markets. This may entail exploration of new segments of a market, new uses for the company’s products and services, or new geographical areas in order to entice new customers (Lynch, 2003). For example, Arm & Hammer was able to attract new customers when existing consumers identified new uses of their baking soda (Christensen et al, 2005). Lucozade was first marketed for sick children and then re-branded to target athletes. Also, an organisation found that the gel they produced for removing residual oil from heavy machinery could also be used to clean domestic ovens and baking tins. This revelation enabled them to target a new market of professional cooks and baking enthusiast. These are good examples of developing a new market for an existing product. Diversification Diversification strategy is distinct in the sense that when a company diversifies, it essentially moves out of its current products and markets into new areas. It is important to note that diversification may be into related and unrelated areas. Related diversification may be in the form of backward, forward, and horizontal integration. Backward integration takes place when the company extends its activities towards its inputs such as suppliers of raw materials etc. in the same business. Forward integration differs from backward integration, in that the company extends its activities towards its outputs such as distribution etc. in the same business. Horizontal integration takes place when a company moves into businesses that are related to its existing activities (Lynch, 2003; Macmillan et al, 2000). It is important to note that even unrelated diversification often has some synergy with the original business of the company. The risk of one such manoeuvre is that detailed knowledge of the key success factors may be limited to the company (Lynch, 2003). While diversified businesses seem to grow faster in cases where diversification is unrelated, it is crucial to note that the track record of diversification remains poor as in many cases diversifications have been divested (Porter, 1987). Scholars have argued that related diversification is generally more profitable (Macmillan et al, 2000; Pearson, 1999). Therefore, diversification is a high-risk strategy as it involves taking a step into a territory where the parameters are unknown to the company. The risks of diversification can be minimised by moving into related markets (Ansoff, 1989). Virgin Cola, Virgin Megastores, Virgin Airlines, Virgin Telecommunications are examples of new products created by the Virgin Group of UK, to leverage the Virgin brand. This resulted in the company entering new markets where it had no presence before. Limitations of Ansoff Matrix While Ansoff analysis helps in mapping the strategic options for companies, it is important to note that like all models, it has some limitations. By itself, the matrix can tell one part of the strategy story but it is imperative to look at other strategic models like SWOT analysis and PESTLE in order to view how the strategy of an organisation is formulating and might change in the course of its future. For example, the Ansoff analysis of Virgin Cola shows that the brand has been launched in the UK and USA using a market penetration strategy, which essentially reflects that the brand needs to increase its brand recognition (Vignali, 2001). The SWOT analysis conducted by Vignali (2001) showed an opportunity that Virgin Cola could explore diversification into new ranges of Virgin Cola products. PESTEL analysis of Virgin Cola showed that there was need to constantly evaluate the soft drinks industry in all countries, in order to reflect customer trends, thereby allowing the brand to gain market share and also predict trends faster than the competition. Therefore, the steps to be taken while conducting a strategic analysis of an organisation include SWOT analysis, PESTEL and Ansoff matrix as fundamental models of analyses, which should be used in conjunction and not in isolation, to view the complete strategic scenario. Also, recommendations made on the basis on only one of the models are not concrete and lack in depth. While the role of analysis in making strategic choices cannot be undermined, it is imperative to note that judgment plays a crucial role in making critical strategic choices that may change the future of the firm (Macmillan et al, 2000). Lastly, the use of Ansoff matrix as a marketing tool may not be really useful as the matrix is critical for analysing the strategic path that the brand may be following, and does not essentially identify marketing options. Other Analytic Tools As mentioned earlier Ansoff matrix is not all exhaustive and so there are other analytical tools and techniques which are valuable to marketers for strategic decision making and can actually be used alongside Ansoff matrix. I will just throw some light on SWOT, BCG matrix and Porter’s Generic Strategy. SWOT Swot analysis is a simple framework for generating strategic alternatives from a situation analysis. Swot (sometimes reffered to as TOWS) stands for Strengths, Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. It is applicable to either corporate level or business unit level and frequently appears in marketing lans. Its advocates say it can be used to gauge the degree of ‘fit’ between the organisation’s strategy and its environment, and to suggest ways suggest ways in which the organisation can profit from strengths and opportunities and shield itself against weaknesses and threats (Adams, 2005). The internal and external situation analysis can produce a large amoun t of information, much of which may not be highly relevant. The SWOT analysis can serve as an interpretative filter to reduce the information to a manageable quantity of key issues. The SWOT analysis classifies the internal aspect of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities or threats. Strengths can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and weaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats. Because SWOT is such as familiar and comforting tool, many students use it at the start of their analysis. This is a mistake. In order to arrive at a proper SWOT appraisal, other analyses need to be carrier out first. BCG Matrix BCG matrix is a management tool that serves four distinct purposes (McDonald 2003; Kotler 2003; Cipher 2006): it can be used to classify product portfolio in four business types based on four graphic labels including Stars (Stars are leaders in high growth markets. They tend to/should generate large amounts of cash but also use a lot of cash because of growth market conditions) Cash Cows (), Question Mark (Question Marks have not achieved a dominant market position, and hence do not generate much cash. They tend to use a lot of cash because of growth market conditions) and Dogs (Dogs often have little future and are big cash drainers on the company as they generate very little cash by virtue of their low market share in a highly low growth market). [pic] According to experts (Drummond & Ensor 2004; Kotler 2003; McDonald 2003), surplus cash from cash cow products should be channeled into Stars and Questions in order to create the future Cash Cows. The BCG matrix can be used to determine what priorities should be given in the product portfolio of a company; to classify an organisation’s product portfolio according to their cash usage and generation; and offers management available strategies to tackle various product lines. It is based on two dimensional variables: relative market share and market growth. They often are pointers to healthiness of a business (Kotler 2003; McDonald 2003). In other words, products with greater market share or within a fast growing market are expected to wield relatively greater profit margins. Porter’s Generic Strategy Companies can achieve competitive advantages essentially by differentiating their products and services from those of competitors and through low costs. Firms can target their products by a broad target, thereby covering most of the marketplace, or they can focus on a narrow target in the market (Lynch, 2003). According to Porter, there are three generic strategies that a company can undertake to attain competitive advantage: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. [pic] Source: Porter (1985) Cost Leadership; The companies that attempt to become the lowest-cost producers in an industry can be referred to as those following a cost leadership strategy. The company with the lowest costs would earn the highest profits in the event when the competing products are essentially undifferentiated, and selling at a standard market price. Companies following this strategy place emphasis on cost reduction in every activity in the value chain. Differentiation; When a company differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there would be extra costs that the company would have to incur. Such extra costs may include high advertising spending to promote a differentiated brand image for the product, which in fact can be considered as a cost and an investment. Focus; Porter initially presented focus as one of the three generic strategies, but later identified focus as a moderator of the two strategies. Companies employ this strategy by focusing on the areas in a market where there is the least amount of competition (Pearson, 1999). Organisations can make use of the focus strategy by focusing on a specific niche in the market and offering specialised products for that niche. This is why the focus strategy is also sometimes referred to as the niche strategy (Lynch, 2003). Therefore, competitive advantage can be achieved only in the company’s target segments by employing the focus strategy. The company can make use of the cost leadership or differentiation approach with regard to the focus strategy. Conclusion In conclusion, it has to be restated that the Ansoff matrix is a useful, though not an exhaustive, framework for an organisation’s objective setting process and marketing audits. The differences in strategic choices of organisations can often be attributed to the type of market in which the company operates. Changes in business environment play a crucial role in the strategic options that an organisation may pursue over its life stages. There are risks associated with all of the four strategic options entailed in the Ansoff matrix. Market penetration is generally considered as a low risk strategy while diversification, on the other hand, is deemed as a high risk growth strategy as it involves moving simultaneously into new products and new markets. Diversification remains a popular strategic option for firms in today’s competitive business arena. Lastly, Ansoff matrix as a strategic model has certain limitations. The use of SWOT and PESTEL analysis is recommended, along with Ansoff analysis, to be able to capture a holistic view of the strategic scenario of an organisation. I would have elaborated more on other analytic tools but for the word limit given me. References Ansoff Analysis. Website. http://university- essays. tripod. com/ansoff_analysis. html. 27th March 2009 Ansoff, I. H. (1957), Strategies for diversification, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, p. 113-124. Ansoff, I. (1989), Corporate Strategy, rev. edn, Penguin, Harmondsworth BCG Growth-Share Matrix. Website. http://university- essays. tripod. com/bcg_growth_share_matrix_boston_consultin g_group. html. 3rd March 2009 Christensen, C. & Cook, S. & Hall, T. 2005), Marketing malpractice: The cause and the cure, Harvard Business Review. Hill, W. L. C. & Jones, R. G. (2007), Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, 7th ed. , Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston: New York. Li, S. & Duan, Y. & Kinman, R. & Edwards, J. S. (1999), A framework for a hybrid intelligent system in support of marketing strategy development, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 17, No. 4. Lynch, R. (2003), Corp orate Strategy, 3rd ed. , Prentice Hall Financial Times. Macmillan, H. & Tampoe, M. (2000), Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. Module 1, Unit 2, (2006) MN7002/D, Strategic Marketing, (ed. 10th), England. Pearson, G. (1999), Strategy in Action, Prentice Hall Financial Times. Vignali, C. (2001), Virgin Cola, British Food Journal, Vol. 103, No. 2. Porter, M. E. (1987), From competitive strategy to corporate strategy, Harvard Business Review. Porter’s Generic Strategies. Website. http://university-essays. tripod. com/porters_generic_strategies. html. 3rd March 2009 Proctor, T. (1997), Establishing a strategic direction: a review, Management Decision, Vol. 35, No. 2. Product-Market Growth Matrix. Website. ttp://www. businesspme. com/uk/articles/strategy/61/Product- Market-Growth-Matrix. html. 15th February 2009 Osime R. (2009), Thisday Awards ’09, Thisday Magazine, Volume 14: No. 5026 SWOT Analysis. Website. http://www. netmba. com/strategy/swot/ 27th March 2009 SWOT Analysis. Website. http://university- essays. tripod. com/swot_tows_analysis. html. 3rd March 2009 Thompson, A. A. & Strickland, J. A. (2003), Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, Thirteenth ed. , McGraw-Hill. What is Ansoff Analysis? Website. http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/ansoff. htm. 15th February 2009

How to Calculate Density of a Gas

Density is mass per unit volume. Finding the density of a gas is the same as finding the density of a solid or liquid. You have to know the mass and the volume of the gas. The tricky part with gases is that you are often given pressures and temperatures with no mention of volume. You have to figure it out from the other information. This example problem will show how to calculate density of a gas when given the type of gas, the pressure, and the temperature. Question: What is the density of oxygen gas at 5 atm and 27  °C? First, lets write down what we know: Gas is oxygen gas or O2.Pressure is 5 atmTemperature is 27  °C Lets start with the Ideal Gas Law formula. PV nRT whereP pressureV volumen number of moles of gasR gas constant (0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K)T absolute temperature If we solve the equation for volume, we get: V (nRT)/P We know everything we need to find the volume now except the number of moles of gas. To find this, remember the relationship between number of moles and mass. n m/MM wheren number of moles of gasm mass of gasMM molecular mass of the gas This is helpful since we needed to find the mass and we know the molecular mass of oxygen gas. If we substitute for n in the first equation, we get: V (mRT)/(MMP) Divide both sides by m: V/m (RT)/(MMP) But density is m/V, so flip the equation over to get: m/V (MMP)/(RT) density of the gas. Now we need to insert the values we know. MM of oxygen gas or O2 is 1616 32 grams/moleP 5 atmT 27  °C, but we need absolute temperature.TK TC 273T 27 273 300 K m/V (32 g/mol  Ã‚ · 5 atm)/(0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K  · 300 K)m/V 160/24.63 g/Lm/V 6.5 g/L Answer: The density of the oxygen gas is 6.5 g/L.